Boreal B[l]og

It was a chance event, as is so often the case.  About to take a shower, I happened to look in the mirror.  What I saw shocked me.  I had a protuberance in my abdomen.  No, it wasn’t ascites, or fluid, it was fat.

I got on the scale, to discover I weighed 172 pounds, about 78 kg.  I was shocked.  I hadn’t weighed that much in years.  What had happened?  I was older.  Apparently, my lifelong ability to eat just about anything I wanted was no longer lifelong.  I’m just under 6 feet tall (1.81 M), and I can carry about 180 pounds (82 kg) before I am officially overweight.  I was not overweight, but I didn’t like where I was.

I was a chemistry major in college and think in terms of thermodynamics.  If you burn more calories than you take in, you must lose weight.  You must.  It takes a deficit of 3500 calories to remove a pound of fat.  So, the first thing I did was start to exercise more, until I realized that while one burns calories, and fat calories, exercising, it takes a great deal of exercise to do such. One burns perhaps a net of about 100 calories running a mile and half that walking.  Net means the increase over doing nothing during that period.  I increased my runs to 2 miles and my walks to 3 miles, but that was only 350 calories.  If I doubled what I did, I could get a pound off in 10 days.  But that is a lot of time spent, and I was likely to get hungrier doing it.

So, I looked my diet as well and got a couple of shocks.  I was putting olive oil on my salad.  When I saw the calories it contained, I was astounded.  I shouldn’t have been, but I had never in 63 years looked at the calories something contained.  I stopped the olive oil and also eating peanut butter, which is arguably my most favorite food.  Peanut butter has 180 calories per tablespoon, 110 of them fat.  In short, I was really hungry several hours a day.

For two weeks, nothing happened.  I knew that would occur.

Then something nice did happen.  My weight started to fall.  I dropped to 170, stayed there another 2 weeks or so, then dropped to 168.  It took me about 4 or 5 months to get down to 162, where I wanted to be.  I looked better.  I started again with peanut butter, and I let my weight rise to 164.  It stayed there.

Then I made another mistake.  I stopped monitoring my weight, and we took a trip to Australia, where the food was good and the walking was less.  When I came home, I took another look in the mirror, and I didn’t like it.  I stepped on the scale,and I didn’t like that, either.  I was at 169.

The holidays are not a good time to lose weight.  There is a lot of food around.  But I decided I could eat that food, just not all at once.  I again stopped peanut butter, and I again put up with the annoying hunger between 8 and 11 in the morning.  After I ate lunch, I could get through to the afternoon.  After a week, I was holding around 168.  I could even see a slight change in the mirror, but it wasn’t enough.

Along the way, I have noted more cold sensitivity, too.  My metabolism has changed, and my weight goes to where it usually does in a man–the bad “apple” pattern.  From now on, I have to be careful.  But I didn’t wait until after the holidays to start. If I had, I might have been starting at 172 or higher, and I would then look wishfully at 168 on the scale and wonder why I didn’t stop sooner.

I’m lucky.  Most people would give their eye teeth to have my problem.  On the other hand, I don’t let friends talk me into eating something.  Fortunately, I don’t have a lot of friends.  But I know many who say “just a little, it won’t hurt.”  They aren’t true friends.  True friends keep you away from food.  They support you.

A recent video I saw in German chronicled a former British singer, who has dealt with 25 kg weight changes, 55 pounds, or almost 4 stones.  (I thought pounds were bad; the video was in German, and I was fascinated to hear the quick translation of stones–14 pounds– to kg.)  This yo-yo effect is not healthy.  The singer tried hypnosis so she would hate ice cream, and various other diets.  Part of the problem was her husband, who was not interested in controlling his weight, and thought she looked just fine–the “I like big butts”– approach.  This woman was a model,, and she had to keep her weight down.  She was frequently in places where there was a lot of food available, which didn’t help.

The saddest scene was her vacation, where she tried to see what would happen with ice cream, her favorite food. That was fine, but she should have had a small amount.  Instead, she ordered a glass that was about 20 cm tall.  She ate it all, and later said she had only gained 6 pounds that week.  That is a huge gain in a short period of time; when 6 pounds gained for a person with a weight problem is not a “big deal”, there is a problem.

Controlling weight is easier for me than it is for others.  It requires a change in lifestyle, which is terribly difficult to do.  But there are plenty of ways to fill up a stomach without gaining a lot of weight.  Get on a scale daily or every other day.  Look for low calorie recipes. Make good tasting food invisible.  Shop after eating, not before.

Obesity is a problem.  Too many look for sites where it is claimed that obesity is healthy, pretty, or fine.  It isn’t.  We used to say staying thin was a matter of willpower.  In part, it is, but only in part.  A lot of foods have become truly addicting, and it is difficult to break an addiction.  The Food Pyramid is a new concept; the old way of looking at a balanced diet favored milk farmers.  But, there are things people can control.  Early in life, we need to address obesity, when it is less and easier to change behavior.

Using an on line Body Mass Index calculator , we calculated the BMI in every sixth grader in one school district, 1100 children in 5 schools.  Seven per cent were over the 99th percentile, 14% over the 95th percentile, and the median was the 89th percentile.  Put succinctly, the typical child was overweight.  Nothing was done, when these data were presented to the school district.  Nor were these numbers known or repeated when there was a $15 million federal grant to reduce obesity in Tucson.  We have a willpower problem in our city; lack of will to measure problems that need measurement, and lack of will to deal with them.  We have an addiction problem, too; we are addicted to fluff TV ads to tell people to exercise and eat right.  Everybody knows that; if we started in childhood and really were serious about the problem, I suspect the numbers would change.  That, of course, requires yearly measurement, which is hardly rocket science, but is ironically not being done in an area that hosts Raytheon and the Titan Missile Museum.

I hit 166 the other day.  I look forward to lunch like I never have before.  The Christmas food gifts will last until late-January.

In 1992, Arizona had a proposition banning leg hold traps, a particularly cruel way to hunt animals.  Unfortunately, a few decided to add some hunting restrictions to the proposition, and it was defeated.  Two years later, the same proposition, sans hunting restrictions, passed easily.  The purists caused two additional years of leg hold traps in Arizona.  They as well as the trappers were to blame for the pain of the animals.

In 2000, purists thought that Al Gore and George Bush were both bad choices.  They backed Ralph Nader, who had about as much chance of winning as a foot of snow has of occurring  in Tucson in mid-June.  We know how that turned out.  Florida may or may not have been stolen.  Without Nader, Gore would have won the state without any question.  The purists stayed pure, and they, as well as the Republican supporters, are responsible for George W. Bush. I don’t know whether the 9/11 attacks would have occurred; Condoleeza Rice, Secretary of State, ignored the warnings, yet few commented on that when Susan Rice, another black woman, was blamed for the 4 deaths in Libya.  In any case, I doubt we ever would have gone to war with Iraq, and as a result, more innocent people would be alive today, we’d have less debt, and Iran would not be so strong as it is.

In 1996, I did a quality improvement project in my hospital as part of my course work for Intermountain Health Care’s Advanced Training Program for Quality Improvement.  With a small team, we decreased time from ordering antibiotics to giving them to patients in the emergency room 80%, in statistical control.  This can save lives and reduce time in hospital.  It cost no money to implement.  I presented my project, the only one completely completed, and there were 30 taking the course.

“Did they give the right antibiotic?”  was asked by many.  I replied that the right antibiotic  was not the pertinent question, only the timeliness.  “Well, the type of antibiotic matters,” I heard,  this time becoming annoyed, replying that if I tried to ensure the right antibiotic and the timeliness, the study would have failed.  It was difficult enough to improve timeliness.  My critics were purists, and they can be dangerous people, for they prevent incremental improvement.

I can deal somewhat with the right wing, because I know immediately that they disagree with me.   Purists, however, are more insidious.  While they agree with my basic premise, they cannot tolerate an imperfect world, so they are able to block progress, and I often forget to watch for the danger.

In 2010, I decided to help clear buffelgrass from southern Arizona.  Buffelgrass was brought to Mexico as cattle forage from Africa.  Unfortunately, it spreads by burning, and it burns hot, too hot for native desert plants to survive.  I “adopted” an 8 acre wash (arroyo, dry stream bed), and in the next eight months, removed 20,000 plants, by digging them up, putting them in a large bag, and throwing the bag about 4 meters up a cement berm.  Each plant could be a meter tall with a base of about 30-50 cm. in diameter.  It was difficult work; I had to battle the occasional rattlesnake, heat, and fatigue.  I got a parking ticket for my labors. Part of a grass stem went in my nose, leading to a nasty infection that required antibiotics.  I filled more than 1500 bags.

Because I was throwing the bags, which was the only possible way to move them out of the wash, one of the dispatchers said seeds were falling out.  That annoyed me.  Seeds were going to fall simply by manipulating the plant, and if they did not like my work, they were free to come and help.  They didn’t, nor did a group that had “adopted the wash,” help.  That group was “fluff,” another annoyance.  Fluff is doing “feel good” things that don’t fix problems.  It is important to do things to feel better after a tragedy, but it is far more important to prevent future tragedies.  A memorial by the side of a road where a person died in a motor vehicle accident may make the living feel better, but where is the outcry for legislation for mandatory seat belt laws, requiring teenagers to be alone or with an adult if there is more than one teen in the car, and publishing monthly counts of deaths, so as to keep the issue in the public eye?  Fluff is cutsy commercials telling people that exercise is fun, rather than publishing numbers showing that the median Body Mass Index in 1100 local 6th graders was at the 89th percentile, 7% were over the 99th percentile, and we should screen every 6th grader in the county to determine the scope of the problem, which we never did, despite its being possible with virtually no cost.  I did all that in 2010.  Without knowing the baseline, you cannot determine whether there was any improvement.

In any case, four months after I cleared the wash, the buffelgrass had grown back, because I had failed to monitor the area.  I made a comment to the Sierra Club  chapter, to which I belong, that we needed to spray poison on the plants, only to hear that spraying was bad, and we mustn’t do it.  The next–and last–time I cleared buffelgrass was in the same area where I had first cleaned it a year earlier, with a group of 7.  Unless Tucson has several thousand people clearing buffelgrass, it will be impossible to eradicate without poison.  We will be pure, we won’t spray, but we will lose the battle.

NASA’s James Hansen is one of the leading scientists dealing with climate change, for decades speaking out on the issue.  Virtually all of his predictions have come true.  Without going into great detail about the science, Hansen’s key point is that we need to stop burning coal, period, and use breeder nuclear reactors, to buy time.  Is he concerned about their safety?  Certainly.  But he sees no other viable alternative to keeping the [CO2] from rising to 450 ppm, and indeed, he now believes that 350 ppm is required.  By climatic evidence, I mean that [CO2] has correlated strongly with sea level, and that a level of 450 ppm (we are at about 391 now), correlates with a rise that would flood many major coastal cities, including the US, which might get our attention.  I am ignoring acidity, coal dust causing earlier snow melts, and stronger storms from a warming ocean, since cyclonic storms (anticyclonic south of the equator) exist to shift warm air to colder regions, trying to keep the Earth’s heat balance.  Such storms must exist.

The Sierra Club is so pure on this issue, that even as a Life Member, I don’t bring it up.  But the reality is that we are not going to get out of our difficulty by conservation, Copenhagen conferences, Kyoto accords, or with renewables.  It’s nice to think, but conferences are fluff, and the rest is magical thinking.  Perhaps we can develop a solar powered way to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and a solar powered way to pressurize it into tanks and put the tanks somewhere safe, but I am not counting on that occurring.  Reactors have a lot of problems; we know that. but they are potential, not certain; whereas continuing to burn coal is a 100% problem.

I think that incremental health care reform might have worked, rather than what happened in 1993 and again in 2010.  We could have tried to expand Medicare to pregnant women and children under 5 or 10.  It might not have passed, but those not voting for it would have been on record as voting against the health of some of the most vulnerable people in our society.  Fixing health care reform means going against the ideologues on the right, many of whom are military retirees whose health care is ironically taken care of by the government, and the purists on the left, who want a national system.

Would I like a national system?  Yes.  Is there a chance we will have one any time soon?  No.

The perfect truly is the enemy of the good, until the purists learn that small, incremental steps in the right direction are better than no progress at all.

I’m a local substitute math teacher considering making an irrational decision not to teach any more.  A substitute teacher was one of those killed at Sandy Hook, and 14 of his students with him.  This was in a school that was locked at 9:30, had good security, intercom warnings, and somebody running down the hall warning teachers.

I teach in a school with only an intercom warning system.  The campus is spread out, and it is unlocked.  There are numerous entrances to the campus and to most buildings.  In the morning, there is a congregation of well over 100 students I jostle through, getting to where I teach.  I imagine what one shooter with an assault rifle–or two (rifles or shooters or perhaps each shooter with two assault rifles)–would do to this crowd.  It would be as Nate Silver calls it, an 8th or 9th magnitude earthquake in the analogy of school shootings, with over a thousand rounds fired.  What if there were 3 shooters?  We haven’t had that yet, but it does not mean it couldn’t happen.  After all, people wouldn’t fly a plane into a building–until they did.  It would be an order of magnitude worse than anything we’ve seen, and we’ve seen horrific scenes.

Yet statistically, I am far more likely to die in a car accident than in a school shooting.  But all of us use cars daily; far fewer use firearms daily, so my decision isn’t perhaps quite as irrational.

School shootings are American terrorism, and if Islamic fundamentalists did this, we would probably ban all Muslims from school, a very irrational–but would be popular–approach.  Terrorism deeply affects us.  Other drivers aren’t trying to kill me. But I worry about being the substitute who happens to be behind the door a shooter opens. Excessive worrying about unlikely events happens when we are terrorized.  After 9/11, we hid the mayor, and somebody who found powder in a men’s room called 911.  It was baby powder, not anthrax.  We were scared and a little irrational.

What if there are 20 shooters?  Twenty, you ask?  Yes, because now there are calls to arm teachers.  Some even want to arm students.  Here are 3 thoughts I have, first as a mathematician, then as a person in a school yard, and finally as a substitute in a room.

I carry a gun, which I don’t like, and which introduces an element of danger already.  Every teacher has one, and accidents can happen.  Oh sure, you say, they are unlikely, so let’s assume 1 in 10,000 has a gun go off accidentally on a given day, and let’s say one in a 100 of those produces injury and one in 100 of those produces a fatality.  That’s pretty conservative, don’t you think?  A teacher leaves a gun in a drawer, and a student takes it.  Of course, it could happen.  A teacher shows a curious student the gun, and drops it.  Or, and this is really scary, a teacher walks by a student’s desk, and a student takes the gun quickly from the holster.  All of these are possibilities, plus a few others I have not thought of.  Teachers are not well-trained in gun safety, and I doubt we will find the money to teach them, many of whom would be like me–scared–to handle a gun.  We have about 6 million teachers and 180 days of school a year.  That is 1.08 X 10^9 teacher-days a year.  With the above probabilities, because we can assume independence, we would have a 1 in 10 million probability of a fatality every day (wow, that is really low), but multiplied by the number of teacher-days, that would be 100 deaths per year.   That is the mathematical approach.  Low probability events, when occurring many, many times, produce winners.  The probability of winning the lottery is 1 in 110 million.  But if there are 330 million people buying tickets, the expected value of number of winners is 3.  That’s lottery winners, not dead people.

Here’s the second scenario, in the schoolyard:  Can you imagine an totally chaotic scene with students falling, others running into the line of fire, screaming, panicking, and crying?  Do you think you are going to know whom to shoot at in this situation?  Worse, if you start shooting, how will anybody know that you are one of the good guys?  This is a romantic, bad idea that would kill a lot of people.  When the police arrive, how will they know who is the perpetrator?  I am not being irrational when it comes to imagining a shootout at a school. Have we gone back to the OK Corral?

Here’s the third scenario- my biggest fear.  I am substituting, when a gunman walks in (or shoots his way in) the door.  My first–and last–thought is “This can’t be happening.”  Now my gun is available for the shooter.  I am not going to likely carry my gun on my hip, and even if I do, taking it out to shoot will take far too long to deter any assailant.

Guns for students, for whom a breakup or bad grade can easily hijack their brain, are a recipe for disaster, for it takes only a brief flexion of a finger of an emotionally distraught person to destroy a life. That is the fundamental danger with guns and unstable people–an impulsive response, a brief movement, are all that is required.

If we don’t change our laws, I am completely certain we will have another mass shooting with more than 10 deaths.  There is no credible evidence to suggest otherwise.  There is a high probability it will occur in the next 5 years, and a lower, but still a very significant probability a much worse future incident–10 times the numbers of deaths–a true 9/11 in our world of gun violence.

We must not kowtow to the perfectionists; attempts to ensure complete safety are impossible, may backfire, produce a backlash, and get no changes at all. This happened with leghold traps in 1992.  The purists wanted hunting regulations, too, and that killed the proposition.  We had to wait two more years to introduce a bill banning leghold traps only, which did pass.  We must ban true weapons of mass destruction in America, fund mental health care adequately, and stop sales at gun shows.  Finally, no male under 20 should have unsupervised access to a firearm, because we currently cannot separate the “strange” from the “strange and dangerous.”  These are all rational approaches that, while far from perfect, will greatly decrease the probability of mass shootings.

I’ll probably teach, but I will lock the door.

We now have one million people who have signed petitions for their state to secede from the Union.  We fought a war over secession 150 years ago; my side won.  The South has never really forgotten.

A half century ago, LBJ got the Civil Rights Act through the Congress.  I can still remember my mother telling me that there was “cloture” (end of debate), while I wondered what cloture meant.  It changed the US, and the South has been Republican since. That has cost us dearly: 6 years of Nixon (28,000 American deaths in Vietnam under his “secret plan to end the war, Watergate), 8 under Reagan (terror attack in Lebanon, Lockerbie, Iran-Contra, first known President with Alzheimer’s), and George W. Bush (9/11, 2 unpaid for wars, polarized country, Guantanamo, Patriot Act….)

When Nixon-Agnew were running the country, until each of them had to resign separately, there were a lot of bumper stickers that said, “America, Love it or Leave.”  I can’t remember when I last saw one of those.

Without doubt, had McCain-Palin won in 2008, my wife and I would have emigrated to Canada. We wouldn’t have talked about secession, because it is treasonous.  We had a choice, and Canada would have been viable.  It is a very different place from America, but I like Canada, have traveled it extensively, having spent 2 years of my life there.

I’m not sure why people are so upset, except that we have a black president that was elected to change things, and he has tried to do that.  Change is admittedly difficult.  Health care reform was incredibly polarizing, although many who complained about it were getting government benefits through Medicare or were military retirees.

Fact is, we have over 300 million people in this country, and at least 50 million don’t have insurance. The other day, my wife had some blood work drawn, and the man in front of her needed 16 tests.  Cost:  $2000.  Insurance?  None.  As the ESPN commentators say, “Come on, Man!”  How often is this scene repeated daily?  How often do people come into the ED and don’t have money, yet rack up five figure costs?  This remains the biggest cause of bankruptcy in the US.  Nice that you have yours, but what about the others?  Should they just die, untreated?  Is this America?  Is this how we solve medical costs in this country?  Let people die?  Come on, Man!

Back to the secessionists.  Eleven states have reached the 25,000 signature level for a White House response.  Eight of the 11 have had major hurricane damage in the past decade, the rest get major tornado damage every year.  Some get both.  We saw what Hurricane Sandy did to New Jersey, not a poor state.  Chris Christie, the Republican governor, who two weeks earlier had lambasted the President, praised him.  Governor Christie knew that New Jersey could not rebuild without the federal government’s help.  So to the secessionists:  If a Cat 5 hits Houston, another Katrina floods New Orleans, or an EF5 takes out Nashville or Montgomery, exactly what are you going to do, pass the hat?  Come on, Man!  Do you have any concept of how much a billion dollars’ damage is?   Let’s assume $20 billion, and divide it by say 5 million people in the state.  That is $4000 for every person in the state.  So, if you have a family with three kids, you owe $25,000.  If you aren’t employed, that is too bad.  You owe $25,000.  But the single mother with no income and 3 kids, because the man left her owes $20,000, and she isn’t going to pay.  What are you going to do?  Come on, Man!

Median health care costs are about $15,000 per year per family.  You will no longer have insurance.  Of course, if you have a bad accident, get the wrong virus, rupture an important vessel, your costs have just skyrocketed.  If you are younger, they may not; if you are over 65, they are likely to be more.  Your new state-country will need first responders, have to educate people, protect against crime, and maintain infrastructure.  Do you think that will be free?

Let’s look at how taxes were divvied up from 1990-2009.

                  Federal aid minus taxes paid

The 11 states                                            + $400 billion

New York, NJ, Illinois (alone)         – $2,400 billion

Number of blue states in top 10 for receiving less                9 

Number of blue states in bottom 10 for receiving more       4

In other words, the states with the most secessionists are getting MORE from the federal government than they are paying.  Two of them are Florida and Ohio, which are barely Democratic.  All the others were members of the once Confederacy.

I’ve known that for decades.  Growing up in New York State, which alone is $1 trillion in the hole to the feds in the past two decades, I heard often how the national parks and forests were paid for in large part by people on the east coast, many of whom would never see these places.  Then again, we believed in the Union and a strong country.

When my side lost elections, I whined, too, and I said that the country was wrong.  But I never said we should secede.  I would have simply moved to Canada.  I would have taken the advice to “Leave,” but I would have only affected myself.  The secessionists want to affect the others in their state who might not want to leave.  These people have rights, too.  Many of them get Medicare, SSI, and FEMA help, the last under Mr. Obama  again worth something.  The secessionists would hurt more people, poor people, who would no longer get the benefits that the federal government provides.

If you want to leave, then go.  You have that right.  But don’t insist others have to go with you.  Grow up, too; try to make the country you currently live in better.  It’s easier than making a brand new country. Quebec learned that.  Oh, Quebec is in Eastern Canada.

A friend of mine in Bosnia, whom I help learn English, has a 16 year-old daughter who is an exchange student at a high school in southern Illinois.

Her daughter got the best grade in her class on an essay about the War of 1812.  She knew that part of American history better than her American classmates.  They would not be expected to know much about Bosnia, although I was shocked at two of the questions they asked the young woman, when she arrived at the school:

1. Did you come here by train?
2. Do you take showers?

I often say there are no dumb questions, except asking one that was just answered.  Questions reveal a great deal about the one who asks them, and the above two questions revealed a shocking lack of education or curiosity.  Personally, I would have asked, “What is it like to live in Bosnia?” or “What languages do you speak?”

I don’t expect most Americans to be able to accurately find Bosnia on a map, although the 1984 Winter Olympics were held in its capital, Sarajevo, and there was an horrifically devastating war and genocide there in the early 1990s.  Considering that the US was part of ending that war (the Dayton Accords), it was at the time the first instance where air power alone was able to end a war, that is something worth knowing.

Instead, we have a large number of people who can’t find important countries on a map, countries where geography determines history, and history determines behavior.

Indeed, at a time when many Muslims in the world do not like America, to put it mildly, it would not hurt to remind them that we were helpful in ending the genocide against Muslims in Bosnia.  The mother and her daughter are Muslims, and the former has taught me a great deal about Islam.  She is one of best, purest, nicest people I know, who lives her religion.

She taught me that “Balkans” is a word that means “blood and honey,”  probably one of the best descriptors of the region.  This area will likely explode again.  There is no Tito, no Yugoslavia, now Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia/Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Macedonia.  I tell many of my European friends that one thing many Americans cannot understand is why Europeans appear to lean towards dividing into smaller groups.  We now have Moldova and Romania.  The USSR was divided into 14 different countries. People in Dagestan are Russian, but they call themselves from Dagestan.  (It’s west of the Caspian Sea.)

I often have discussions with my wife about what American students ought to know, and she says, probably correctly, that I am too strict.

But, given student loans and credit cards, students ought to know something about debt.  They ought to know the Rule of 72, which says that the doubling time of debt is 72 divided by the interest rate in %  (not decimal).  Debt at 8% interest doubles in 9 years (72/8); at 24% in 3 years (72/24).  That is why credit card debt is so deadly.  Yes, and students ought to be able to quickly convert decimals to percentages and vice versa.  I am not asking that students be able to derive the Rule of 72, which is P=Po[(exp(rt)], which is [P/Po]=exp (rt), and since P=2Po, we have 2=exp (rt), ln 2=rt  and t = ln2/rate (decimal).  ln2=0.693) so if I multiply numerator and denominator by 100, I get 69.3=t .  Seventy-two is a much easier number to deal with than 69, so we use that.  I do expect knowledge that 1/4=25%  and 0.62 is 62%.  Yes, really.

I think American students ought to know the difference between a billion and a trillion.  Politicians discuss money figures of this magnitude frequently.  There ought to be a simpler way to explain, and perhaps this would be a good debate question to ask politicians, along with the age of the Earth. The Earth has existed more than a trillion days, assuming, of course, we are teaching that the earth is 4.5 billion years old.  A billion is the number of seconds old we are in our early 30s.  A million is the number of miles the Space Station travels in about 2 days, 40 trips around the Earth, the number of miles a busy driver will drive in a lifetime.

I think American students ought to be able to name nearly all the states without looking at a map.  I think they should be know Canada is our biggest trading partner, and that it and Mexico border the US.  I think they should be able to name most of the original 13 colonies, know when the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Constitution ratified.  I think at least half of the Bill of Rights should be known, at least 3 Supreme Court justices, and the last 5 presidents.

We should require more writing, more research projects, more math and science.  Students ought to understand the basic concepts of statistics, such as means, variance and the concept of error.  They might then recognize the chance they could be wrong.  Music and art should be studied, care of animals, the mistreatment of which is a red flag for sociopathy.  The students ought to periodically go outside for exercise and learn about the plants, water, and sky.  They should spend one evening under a clear sky and see the Moon and stars.  They should learn at least one foreign language, and if they already know one, to learn another.

Students should be taught that being unique and being special are not the same.  One is given, the other has to be earned.  Wow, we have a lot to do in a short time.

Fortunately, we have a lot of retirees who could help, and it would be great for them and great for the schools, too. The War of 1812 is not particularly difficult to understand.  It’s not like when it happened is a mystery.